0048 - Rotate Image (Medium)

Input: matrix = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
Output: [[7,4,1],[8,5,2],[9,6,3]]

Input: matrix = [[5,1,9,11],[2,4,8,10],[13,3,6,7],[15,14,12,16]]
Output: [[15,13,2,5],[14,3,4,1],[12,6,8,9],[16,7,10,11]]

class Solution {
public:
    void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
        // round 1:
        // -------------------
        // tmp <- 1
        // top left cell matrix[i][j] (1) <- bottom left 7 cell (matrix[n - j - 1][i])
        // bottom left 7 cell (matrix[n - j - 1][i]) <- bottom right cell 9 (matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1])
        // bottom right cell 9 (matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1]) <- top right cell 3 (matrix[j][n - i - 1])
        // top right cell 3 (matrix[j][n - i - 1]) <- 1 (tmp)

        // 1 2 3    7 2 1
        // 4 5 6 => 4 5 6
        // 7 8 9    9 8 7

        // // round 2:
        // -------------------
        // tmp <- 2
        // 2 (matrix[i][j]) <- 4 (matrix[n - j - 1][i])
        // 4 (matrix[n - j - 1][i]) <- 8 (matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1])
        // 8 (matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1]) <- 6 (matrix[j][n - i - 1])
        // 6 (matrix[j][n - i - 1]) <- 2 (tmp)

        // 1 2 3    7 2 1    7 4 1
        // 4 5 6 => 4 5 6 => 8 5 2
        // 7 8 9    9 8 7    9 6 3
        int n = matrix.size(), tmp;
		for(int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
            for(int j = i; j < n - i - 1; j++) {
				tmp = matrix[i][j];
				matrix[i][j] = matrix[n - j - 1][i];
				matrix[n - j - 1][i] = matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1];
				matrix[n - i - 1][n - j - 1] = matrix[j][n - i - 1];
				matrix[j][n - i - 1] = tmp;
			}
        }

    }
};

class Solution:
    def rotate(self, matrix: List[List[int]]) -> None:
        left, right = 0, len(matrix) - 1

        while left < right:
            for i in range(right - left):
                top, bottom = left, right
                # save the top left value
                topleft = matrix[top][left + i]
                # move bottom left into top left
                matrix[top][left + i] = matrix[bottom - i][left]
                # move bottom right into bottom left
                matrix[bottom - i][left] = matrix[bottom][right - i]
                # move top right into bottom right
                matrix[bottom][right - i] = matrix[top + i][right]
                # move top left into top right
                matrix[top + i][right] = topleft
            left += 1
            right -= 1

/**
 * @param {number[][]} matrix
 * @return {void} Do not return anything, modify matrix in-place instead.
 */
var rotate = function (matrix) {
  let left = 0;
  let right = matrix.length - 1;
  while (left < right) {
    for (i = 0; i < right - left; i++) {
      let top = left;
      let bottom = right;
      // save the top left value
      let top_left = matrix[top][left + i];
      // move bottom left into top left
      matrix[top][left + i] = matrix[bottom - i][left];
      // move bottom right into bottom left
      matrix[bottom - i][left] = matrix[bottom][right - i];
      // move top right into bottom right
      matrix[bottom][right - i] = matrix[top + i][right];
      // move top left into top right
      matrix[top + i][right] = top_left;
    }
    // update pointers
    left++;
    right--;
  }
};