0974 - Subarray Sums Divisible by K (Medium)

Input: nums = [4,5,0,-2,-3,1], k = 5
Output: 7
Explanation: There are 7 subarrays with a sum divisible by k = 5:
[4, 5, 0, -2, -3, 1], [5], [5, 0], [5, 0, -2, -3], [0], [0, -2, -3], [-2, -3]

Input: nums = [5], k = 9
Output: 0

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> generatePrefixSum(vector<int>& a) {
        int n = a.size();
        vector<int> pref(n);
        pref[0] = a[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) pref[i] = pref[i - 1] + a[i];
        return pref;
    }

    int subarraysDivByK(vector<int>& nums, int k) {
        // generate prefix sum
        vector<int> pref = generatePrefixSum(nums);
        // store the modular cnt
        vector<int> m(k);
        // base value
        m[0] = 1;
        // init ans
        int ans = 0;
        // iterate each sum
        for (auto& x : pref) {
            // if x is negative, turn it to positive modular equivalent
            if (x < 0) x = (x % k + k) % k;
            // we need to find pairs such that (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0
            // hence, we look for pref[j] % k == pref[i] % k
            // why ..?
            // pref[j] = a * k + x
            // pref[i] = b * k + y
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = (a * k + x) - (b * k + y)
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = k * (a - b) + (x - y)
            // -> (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0 if & only if (x - y) == 0
            m[x % k]++;
        }
        // n choose 2
        for (auto& x : m) ans += x * (x - 1) / 2;
        return ans;
    }
};

class Solution {
    public int subarraysDivByK(int[] nums, int k) {
        // generate prefix sum
        int[] pref = new int[nums.length];
        pref[0] = nums[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
            pref[i] = pref[i - 1] + nums[i];
        }
        // store the modular cnt
        int[] m = new int[k];
        // base value
        m[0] = 1;
        // init ans
        int ans = 0;
        // iterate each sum
        for (int x : pref) {
            // if x is negative, turn it to positive modular equivalent
            if (x < 0) {
                x = (x % k + k) % k;
            }
            // we need to find pairs such that (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0
            // hence, we look for pref[j] % k == pref[i] % k
            // why ..?
            // pref[j] = a * k + x
            // pref[i] = b * k + y
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = (a * k + x) - (b * k + y)
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = k * (a - b) + (x - y)
            // -> (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0 if & only if (x - y) == 0
            m[x % k]++;
        }
        // n choose 2
        for (int x : m) {
            ans += x * (x - 1) / 2;
        }
        return ans;
    }
}

class Solution:
    def subarraysDivByK(self, nums: List[int], k: int) -> int:
        # generate prefix sum
        pref = [0] * len(nums)
        pref[0] = nums[0]
        for i in range(1, len(nums)):
            pref[i] = pref[i-1] + nums[i]

        # store the modular cnt
        m = [0] * k
        # base value
        m[0] = 1
        # init ans
        ans = 0
        # iterate each sum
        for x in pref:
            # we don't need the following logic as Python handles it internally
            # if x is negative, turn it to positive modular equivalent
            # if x < 0:
            #     x = (x % k + k) % k
            # we need to find pairs such that (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0
            # hence, we look for pref[j] % k == pref[i] % k
            # why ..?
            # pref[j] = a * k + x
            # pref[i] = b * k + y
            # pref[j] - pref[i] = (a * k + x) - (b * k + y)
            # pref[j] - pref[i] = k * (a - b) + (x - y)
            # -> (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0 if & only if (x - y) == 0
            m[x % k] += 1
        # n choose 2
        for x in m:
            ans += x * (x - 1) // 2
        return ans

impl Solution {
    pub fn subarrays_div_by_k(nums: Vec<i32>, k: i32) -> i32 {
        // generate prefix sum
        let mut pref = vec![0; nums.len()];
        pref[0] = nums[0];
        for i in 1 .. nums.len() {
            pref[i] = pref[i - 1] + nums[i];
        }
        // store the modular cnt
        let mut m = vec![0; k as usize];
        // base value
        m[0] = 1;
        // init ans
        let mut ans = 0;
        // iterate each sum
        for x in pref.iter_mut() {
            // if x is negative, turn it to positive modular equivalent
            if *x < 0 {
                *x = (*x % k + k) % k;
            }
            // we need to find pairs such that (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0
            // hence, we look for pref[j] % k == pref[i] % k
            // why ..?
            // pref[j] = a * k + x
            // pref[i] = b * k + y
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = (a * k + x) - (b * k + y)
            // pref[j] - pref[i] = k * (a - b) + (x - y)
            // -> (pref[j] - pref[i]) % k == 0 if & only if (x - y) == 0
            m[(*x % k) as usize] += 1;
        }
        // n choose 2
        for x in m {
            ans += x * (x - 1) / 2;
        }
        ans
    }
}